Hamburg, Germany's second-largest city, has a history that stretches back to the 9th century. It was once a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a powerful alliance of merchant guilds and market towns. The city flourished during the Industrial Revolution and grew into a major global trading center. Hamburg suffered significant damage during World War II but was rebuilt and modernized in the post-war era. Today, it is known for its impressive harbor, diverse architecture, and vibrant cultural scene.